![]() ![]() Defines the closing volume and explains how it can be demonstrated.Predicts the effects of changes in lung volume, aging, and disease processes on the regional distribution of alveolar ventilation.Describes the regional differences in alveolar ventilation found in the normal lung and explains these differences.Predicts the effects of alterations of alveolar ventilation on alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen levels.Defines physiologic and alveolar dead space and understands their determination.Understands the measurement of the anatomic dead space and the determination of alveolar ventilation.Defines anatomic dead space and relates the anatomic dead space and the tidal volume to alveolar ventilation.Predicts the effects of alterations in lung and chest wall mechanics, due to normal or pathologic processes, on the lung volumes.Defines the standard lung volumes and understands their measurement.Neck extension and jaw protrusion (can increase it twofold).General anesthesia – multifactorial, including loss of skeletal muscle tone and bronchoconstrictor tone.The ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume is usually about 1/3. Alveolar dead space is the volume of gas within unperfused alveoli (and thus not participating in gas exchange either) it is usually negligible in the healthy, awake patient. Anatomic dead space is the volume of gas within the conducting zone (as opposed to the transitional and respiratory zones) and includes the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles it is approximately 2 mL/kg in the upright position. Physiologic or total dead space is the sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space. Dead space is the volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange.
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